Between 1946 and 1996, the united states, britain and france conducted cold war programs of nuclear testing in the deserts of australia and the atolls of the central and south pacific. Treaty for the prohibition of nuclear weapons in latin america and the caribbean treaty of tlatelolco, 1967 south pacific nuclear free zone treaty treaty of rarotonga, 1985. South pacific nuclear free zone treaty with annexes. South pacific nuclear free zone treaty rarotonga treaty. Statement on nuclear free zones in asia and africa.
From 19461958, the united states conducted some 66 atmospheric and underwater tests in the marshall islands in the northern pacific region, which lies outside the south pacific nuclear free zone spnfz. Whereas antarctica had earlier been declared a nuclearweaponfree zone under the 1961 antarctic treaty, this was the first time such a ban was put in place over such a vast, populated area. Antinuclear campaigning and the south pacific nuclearfree. Believing that a central asian nuclear weapon free zone will help to promote the security of central asian states, particularly if the five nuclear weapon states, as recognized under the treaty on the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons of 1968 hereafter referred to as the npt adhere to the accompanying protocol on security assurances. Australia s obligations under the south pacific nuclear. Australias obligations under the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty and uranium sales to india 1. The illegality of selling australian uranium to india. Pacific nuclear free zone becomes a party to this treaty, annex 1 shall be deemed to be amended so far as is required to enclose at least the territory of that party with in the boundaries of the south pacific nuclear free zone. South pacific nuclear weapons free zone treaty treaty of. South pacific nuclear free zone treaty united nations. It is a product of south pacific foreign policies and politics dating back to the 1960s. The regions currently covered under nwfz agreements include.
South pacific nuclear free zone treaty and protocols. The treaty established the second nuclear weapon free zone in a populated region of the world the first such zone was established by the 1967 treaty for the prohibition of nuclear weapons. Treaty is the first effort at creating a nuclear weapon free zone which asks the nuclear powers to refrain from using and threatening to use nuclear arms not only against parties to the treaty, but also anywhere within the zone. Treaty means the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty. Treaty inspection means an inspection by a treaty inspector, in accordance with annex 4 to the treaty, in respect of a complaint brought against australia pursuant to the treaty. Article 1 each party undertakes not to use or threaten to use any nuclear explosive device against. Today the south pacific nuclear free zone, or treaty of rarotonga, prohibits the possession, use, testing or stationing of nuclear weapons by any country and embodies the determination of a local population, represented by sovereign states, to live in peace and independence and protect their people and environment, according to mr. A number of analysts have identified the 1986 south pacific nuclear free zone spnfz treaty as one of australias major achievements in the area of arms control diplomacy. Fiji and the cook islands deposited their instrument of ratification at the same occasion.
Munster, eds, documents on australian defence and foreign. States cannot receive assistance or assist other states in endeavors to acquire or manufacture nuclear explosive devices. From the beginning of the nuclear age, the pacific islands were used for the development and testing of nuclear weapons. The governments of the french republic, the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, and the united states of america will sign on monday, march 25, 1996 the three additional protocols to the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty, which is also known as the treaty. Both the united kingdom and the united states conducted atmospheric nuclear. The treaty of rarotonga is the common name for the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty, which formalises a nuclearweaponfree zone in the south pacific. The south pacific nuclear weapons free zone treaty, or treaty of rarotonga, prohibits states from manufacturing or controlling nuclear explosive devices anywhere inside or outside the treaty zone. Treaty of southeast asia nuclear weapon free zone seanwfz and adoption of a joint communique by the five nws.
The rarotonga treaty, as it is known, was the fifth nuclear free zone treaty to be be. In 1979, in response to reports of nuclear dumping in the region, the spf strongly condemned the use of the pacific as a dumping ground for nuclear wastes. After lengthy negotiations the south pacific nuclearfree zone treaty treaty of rarotonga was adopted by the members of the south pacific forum on 6 august 1985, the 40th anniversary of the bombing of hiroshima. An assessment of the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty. South pacific nuclear free zone treaty nuclear files from. Introduction the southeast asia nuclear weapon free zone treaty hereafter called the bangkok. The united states, along with the united kingdom and france, signed the three protocols to the treaty on march 25, 1996, at a ceremony in suva, fiji. Oct 21, 2016 south pacific nuclear free zone treaty means the treaty of that title that was done at rarotonga and signed on behalf of australia on 6 august 1985, a copy of which is set out in the schedule, and, subject to subsection 2, includes that treaty as amended from time to time. Desiring to contribute to the realization of the purposes and principles of the charter of the united nations. Protocols 1, 2, and 3 to the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty, signed on behalf of the united states at suva on march 25, 1996. Australia has been a strong supporter of nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation of nuclear weapons and materials. For discussions of maritime claims and fisheries in the south pacific, see j. Whereas antarctica had earlier been declared a nuclear weapon free zone under the 1961 antarctic treaty, this was the first time such a ban was put in place over such a vast, populated area. Background the idea of a nuclear weapon free zone in southeast asia was first mooted in the early.
Significance and implications article pdf available in critical asian studies 182. Nuclear testing has disastrous consequences for people. Establishment of a nuclearweaponfree zone in the middle. On august 6, 1985, eight leaders of the south pacific forum spf formally signed the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty spnfz. South pacific nuclear free zone treaty treaty of rarotonga on 6 august 1985 the south pacific forum, a body comprising the independent and selfgoverning countries of the south pacific australia, the cook islands, fiji, kiribati, nauru, new zealand, niue, papua new guinea, the solomon islands, tonga, tuvalu, vanuatu and western samoa, endorsed the text of the south pacific nuclear free. Nuclearweaponfree zones nwfz at a glance arms control. South pacific nuclear free zone treaty treaty of rarotonga summary the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty, which is also known as the treaty of rarotonga, establishes a nuclear weapon free zone in the south pacific.
Protocol 3 to the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty. The south pacific nuclearfree zone spnfz was established by the treaty of rarotonga, which prohibits the possession, acquisition, stationing, or testing of any nuclear explosive device. In contrast to the limited publication policy when the full text of an agreement may not be reproduced in the unts in its entirety, the objective of applying the partial publication method to a particular situation is to speed up the publishing effort by e. Spf formally signed the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty spnfz. Message on african nuclear weapon free zone treaty pdf message on south pacific nuclear weapon free zone treaty pdf today the president submitted the protocols to the african nuclear weapon free zone treaty and the south pacific nuclear weapon free zone treaty to the u. The treaty of rarotonga is the common name for the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty, which formalises a nuclear weapon free zone in the south pacific. South pacific nuclear free zone treaty international.
South pacific nuclear free zone spnfz treaty treaty. Spf formally signed the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty. South pacific nuclearfree zone treaty cold war te ara. The southeast asia nuclear weapon free zone treaty amitav acharya associate professor of political science and affiliate of the centre for international and security studies and the joint centre for asia pacific studies, york university, toronto i. Determined to take concrete action which will contribute to the progress towards general and complete. South pacific nuclear free zone spnfz treaty treaty of. The united kingdom conducted atmospheric tests between 19521957 on australian territory at maralinga, emu field, and monte bello island.
Jun 20, 2012 the labour government had called for the establishment of a south pacific nuclear weapons free zone as early as 1974. It is a party to the 1968 treaty on the nonproliferation of nuclear. South pacific nuclearweaponfree zone treaty treaty of. The treaty of rarotonga is the common name for the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty, which formalises a nuclearweaponfree zone in the south. The establishment of nuclear weapon free zones nwfz is a regional approach to strengthen global nuclear nonproliferation and disarmament norms and to consolidate international efforts towards. Protocol 2 to the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty. On 6 august 1985 the south pacific forum, a body comprising the independent and selfgoverning countries of the south pacific australia, the cook islands, fiji, kiribati, nauru, new zealand, niue, papua new guinea, the solomon islands, tonga, tuvalu, vanuatu and western samoa, endorsed the text of the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty and opened it for signature. Spnfzt south pacific nuclear free zone treaty acronymfinder. Agreement on south pacific nuclear free zone foreign. In august 1985, eight south pacific forum states signed the rarotonga treaty, establishing a nuclear free zone in the south pacific region, including australia, new zealand and island states south of the equator.
Treaty document 1122 protocols 1, 2, and 3 to the south. If a member of the south pacific forum whose territory is outside the south pacific nuclear free zone becomes a party to this treaty, annex 1 shall be deemed to be amended so far as is required to enclose at least the territory of that party within the boundaries of the south pacific nucl ear free zone. The african nuclear weapon free zone treaty, also known as the treaty of pelindaba named after south africas main nuclear research centre, run by the south african nuclear energy corporation and was the location where south africas atomic bombs of the 1970s were developed, constructed and subsequently stored, establishes a nuclear weapon free zone in africa. Aug 27, 20 as pacific leaders gather this week in the marshall islands, the united states continues to delay ratification of the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty.
By prohibiting all nuclear explosions, even those intended for peaceful purposes, the treaty of rarotonga s restrictions exceed those of the treaty of tlatelolco. There have been three sets of nuclear disarmament negotiations and their treaties which have a bearing on french nuclear testing. The african nuclear weapon free zone treaty, also known as the treaty of pelindaba named after south africas main nuclear research centre, run by the south african nuclear energy corporation and was the location where south africas atomic bombs of the 1970s were developed, constructed and subsequently stored, establishes a nuclear weapon. Meeting in the tlatelolco district of mexico city on 14 february 1967, the nations of latin america and the caribbean drafted this treaty to keep their region of the world free of nuclear weapons. By prohibiting all nuclear explosions, even those intended for peaceful purposes, the treaty of rarotongas restrictions exceed those of the treaty of. Of the five nuclearweapon states, france and the united kingdom have ratified all. Delaying the nuclearfree zone in the pacific inside story. Forum on experience of possible relevance to creation of a. The southern boundary is the antarctic zone, while the. Spnfz south pacific nuclear free zone treaty acronymfinder. The southeast asia nuclear weaponfree zone treaty amitav acharya. Michael hamelgreen, antinuclear campaigning and the south pacific nuclearfree zone rarotonga treaty, 196085, proceedings of the 14th biennial labour history conference, eds, phillip deery and julie kimber melbourne.
The boundaries of the south pacific nuclear free zone extend from the zone of application of the treaty for the prohibition of nuclear weapons in latin america in the east to australias west coast in the west. It was signed by the south pacific nations of australia, the cook islands, fiji, kiribati, nauru, new zealand, niue, papua new guinea, the solomon islands, tonga, tuvalu, vanuatu and western samoa on the island of rarotonga on 6 august 1985, c. Prescott, existing and potential maritime claims in the southwest pacific, ocean yearbook 2, ed. There are five treaties on regional nuclear weapons free zones that require its parties to conclude a comprehensive safeguards agreement with the iaea. The south pacific nuclear free zone treaty treaty of bangkok, 1995. Treaty on a nuclear weapon free zone in central asia the parties to this treaty, guided by the almaty declaration of the heads of state of the central asian states adopted on 28 february 1997. The delineation of any area added pursuant to this paragraph shall be approved by the south pacific forum.
The labour government had called for the establishment of a south pacific nuclear weapons free zone as early as 1974. After lengthy negotiations the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty treaty of rarotonga was adopted by the members of the south pacific forum on 6 august 1985, the 40th anniversary of the bombing of hiroshima. Pacific nuclear free zone spnfz treaty at a meeting of the south pacific. Protocol 1 to the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty. South pacific nuclear free zone treaty united nations treaty. Treaty on a nuclearweaponfree zone in central asia canwfz.
South pacific nuclear free zone treaty act 1986 7 12 testing of nuclear explosive devices prohibited a person who undertakes or carries out a test of a nuclear explosive device is guilty of an offence against this section. Nuclear weapon free zones the establishment of nuclear weapon free zones nwfz is a regional approach to strengthen global nuclear nonproliferation and disarmament norms and to consolidate. It was signed by the south pacific nations of australia, the cook islands, fiji, kiribati, nauru, new zealand, niue, papua new guinea, the solomon. Australia and the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty. Noting the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty the treaty have agreed as follows. Australian society for the study of labour history, 2015, 5162. The concern was that both documents should preclude any. The south pacific nuclear free zone treaty the treaty was opened for signature at rarotonga on august 6, 1985, and entered into force december 11, 1986. Those who signed were australia, cook islands, kiribati, fiji, new zealand, tuvalu, western samoa and niue. Treaty inspector means a person declared, pursuant to subsection 191. South pacific nuclear free zone treaty 1985 multilateral agreement among the nations of the south pacific, which prohibits the testing, manufacture, and stationing of nuclear explosive devices, and the dumping of nuclear waste, within the zone. Protocol ii to the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty. Treaty on the southeast asia nuclear weapon free zone bangkok treaty the states parties to this treaty. The southeast asia nuclear weaponfree zone treaty amitav.
The treaty for the prohibition of nuclear weapons in latin america and the caribbean treaty of rarotonga, 1985. Presentation on the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty for the iaea forum on experience of possible relevance to the creation of a nwfz in the middle east, 2122 november 2011, by dr robert floyd, director general of the australian safeguards and nonproliferation office development of the south pacific nuclear free zone treaty. These treaties cover latin america and the caribbean, the south pacific, southeast asia, africa and central asia. Using previously classified documents nic maclellan recounts a history of opposition to a nuclear free pacific, and a reminder that australia could be breaching the treaty. Each party may, by written notification to the depositary, indicate its acceptance from the date of such notification of any alteration to its obligations under this protocol brought about by the entry into force of an amendment to the treaty pursuant to article 11 of the treaty or by the extension of the south pacific nuclear free zone. Latin america, the south pacific and southeast asia, under regional treaties. South pacific nuclear free zone treaty rarotonga treaty iaea. The treaty bans the use, testing, and possession of nuclear weapons within the borders of the zone. Nuclear testing in the pacific 1950s80s nuclear weapons. Treaty on a nuclearweaponfree zone in central asia canwfz opened for signature on september 8, 2006.
This was the first time a treaty ally had not allowed a u. A nuclear weapon free zone nwfz is a specified region in which countries commit themselves not to manufacture, acquire, test, or possess nuclear weapons. Provisions the south pacific nuclear free zone spnfz treaty, known as the treaty of rarotonga, bans the manufacture, possession, stationing, and testing of any nuclear explosive device in treaty territories for which the parties are internationally responsible. Copredal was the preparatory commission for the denuclearization of latin america created after the cuban missile crisis. South pacific nuclear free zone treaty and opened it for signature. Similar to the nuclear nonproliferation treaty, five treaties on regional nuclear weapons free zones require parties to conclude a comprehensive safeguards agreement with the iaea. If a member of the south pacific forum whose territory is outside the south pacific nuclear free zone becomes a party to this treaty, annex 1 shall be deemed to be amended so far as is required to enclose at least the territory of that party within the boundaries of the south pacific nuclear free zone. South pacific nuclearfree zone spnfz treaty of rarotonga. African nuclear weapon free zone treaty pelindaba treaty the parties to this treaty guided by the declaration on the denuclearization of africa, adopted by the assembly of heads of state and government of the organization of african unity hereinafter referred to as oau.
The south pacific nuclear free zone spnfz treaty, known as the treaty of rarotonga, bans the manufacture, possession, stationing, and testing of any nuclear explosive device in treaty territories for which the parties are internationally responsible. Treaty on the southeast asia nuclearweaponfree zone. South pacific nuclear free zone treaty pdf download. Five such zones exist today, with four of them spanning the entire southern hemisphere. South pacific nuclear free zone treaty 1985 nuclear arms.
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